How is "sampling" defined in research?

Sampling is defined as the selection of a subset of individuals from a larger population. This process is critical in research as it allows researchers to gather data and make inferences about a broader group without needing to study every individual within the population. By carefully selecting a representative sample, researchers can draw conclusions that are generalizable to the larger group, which helps in saving time and resources.

In research, proper sampling techniques ensure that the selected individuals reflect the diversity and characteristics of the entire population. This is essential for the validity of the research findings, as a well-chosen sample can lead to more accurate and reliable results. Various sampling methods, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, and convenience sampling, help researchers obtain a sample that is representative of the population they wish to study.

The other options pertain to different aspects of research methodology but do not accurately define sampling. For example, determining the research question is the initial step in the research process, while gathering literature is part of the literature review phase, and data analysis focuses on interpreting collected data. Each of these activities plays a vital role in research but does not specifically relate to the definition of sampling.