Which observation type involves the researcher being overt about their role?

In participant observation, the researcher is actively involved in the setting being studied, and they are overt about their role as an observer. This means that the participants are aware that the researcher is observing them and that their findings are derived from direct interaction and engagement within the community or group being studied. This openness can enhance trust and rapport between the researcher and participants, leading to more authentic data collection.

In contrast, the other types of observation do not involve overt participation. Non-participant observation entails observing individuals without directly engaging in the activities being studied, whereas controlled observation may involve structured setups that limit the natural context. Covert observation takes this further by concealing the observer's role entirely, which can affect ethical considerations and the validity of the research findings. Thus, the nature of participant observation directly aligns with being overt about the researcher’s involvement, setting it apart from the other methods listed.