Which research method is typically not able to determine cause and effect relationships?

The choice of case studies as the research method that typically does not determine cause and effect relationships is accurate because case studies are descriptive and exploratory in nature. They provide an in-depth analysis of a single individual, group, or event, allowing researchers to gather detailed qualitative data. However, they generally do not include controlled variables or randomization, which are critical in establishing causal links.

By focusing on specific instances and delving into the complexities surrounding them, case studies can reveal insights and suggest potential relationships, but they lack the systematic approach needed to definitively ascertain causality. In contrast, methods like experimental studies are designed specifically to uncover cause and effect relationships through manipulation of variables and control groups. While surveys and field research may also provide correlations or descriptive information, they too do not inherently establish causation the way experimental methods do. Hence, case studies are rightly identified as the research approach least suited for determining cause and effect.